Investigations into the temporal development of epitheliocystis infections in brown trout: a histological study

Epitheliocystis in Swiss brown trout (Salmo trutta) is a chlamydial infection, mainly caused by Candidatus Piscichlamydia salmonis and Candidatus Clavichlamydia salmonicola. To gain a better understanding of the temporal development of infections in wild brown trout, we investigated epitheliocystis infections during the course of the summer and autumn months of a single year (2015), and compared this to sampling points over the span of the years 2012–2014. The survey focused on tributaries (Venoge and Boiron) of the Rhone flowing in to Lake Geneva. When evaluated histologically, epitheliocystis infections were found throughout the period of investigation with the exception of the month of June. Fifty to 86 animals per sampling were investigated. Highest prevalence and infection intensities were seen in September. A correlation between epitheliocystis infection and water temperatures was not evident. Interyear comparison revealed consistent levels of prevalence and infection intensities in late summer. The absence of infections in June, combined with the consistent interyear results, indicates seasonal fluctuation of epitheliocystis infections in brown trout with a reservoir persisting during winter months from which infections can re‐initiate each year. This could either be at levels below detection limits within the brown trout population itself or in an alternative host.     

白屈菜CmFAD2基因的克隆及植物转化载体构建

通过对白屈菜低温应答过程的转录组分析发现膜脂不饱和化相关基因的表达在一定过程中发生变化,脂肪酸去饱和酶基因FAD2在随温度的变化趋势为正"V"型,且表达量变化显著。利用NCBI等在线软件对序列进行相关生物学信息分析,并对白屈菜FAD家族成员FAD2基因的完整开放阅读框(ORF)进行克隆,并命名为CmFAD2。选用克隆载体pMD-19-T,转化大肠杆菌DH5α,测序验证序列正确性及完整性。将目的基因与植物表达载体pRI-201-AN连接构建重组DNA pRI-201-AN-Cm FAD2,电击法转化农杆菌LBA4404,利用菌液PCR法验证成功。该基因可作为药用植物抗寒品种创制的候选基因。     

Comparing the behavioural thermoregulation response to heat stress by Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar) in two rivers

Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and magnitude of extreme thermal events in rivers. The Little Southwest Miramichi River (LSWM) and the Ouelle River (OR) are two Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) rivers located in eastern Canada, where in recent years, water temperatures have exceeded known thermal limits (~23°C). Once temperature surpasses this threshold, juvenile salmon exploit thermal heterogeneity to behaviourally thermoregulate, forming aggregations in coolwater refuges. This study aimed to determine whether the behavioural thermoregulation response is universal across rivers, arising from common thermal cues. We detailed the temperature and discharge patterns of two geographically distinct rivers from 2010 to 2012 and compared these with aggregation onset temperature. PIT telemetry and snorkelling were used to confirm the presence of aggregations. Mean daily maximum temperature in 2010 was significantly greater in the OR versus the LSWM (p = 0.005), but not in other years (p = 0.090–0.353). Aggregations occurred on 14 and 9 occasions in the OR and LSWM respectively. Temperature at onset of aggregation was significantly greater in the OR (T_onset = 28.3°C) than in the LSWM (T_onset = 27.3°C; p = 0.049). Logistic regression models varied by river and were able to predict the probability of aggregation based on the preceding number of hours >23°C (R² = 0.61 & 0.65; P₅₀ = 27.4°C & 28.9°C; in the OR and LSWM respectively). These results imply the preceding local thermal regime may influence behaviour and indicate a degree of phenotypic plasticity, illustrating a need for localised management strategies.     

花期低温对水稻叶鞘生理及结实率的影响

盆栽条件下，以耐冷性不同的2个水稻（Oryza sativa L.）品种龙稻5（耐冷型）和龙粳11（冷敏型）为材料，于开花期在人工气候室进行低温（15℃，分别持续1，2，3，4，5 d）处理，研究开花期低温对不同耐冷性水稻结实率及叶鞘膜透性、抗氧化酶等生理指标的影响。结果表明：低温处理2 d时，龙稻5和龙粳11的花粉活力分别下降了8.21%和16.10%，差异达极显著水平；低温处理3 d后，龙稻5的结实率下降到99.90%，与CK相比差异达到显著水平；低温处理1 d后，龙粳11的结实率下降到60.04%，与对照相比差异达到极显著水平。低温处理提高了水稻叶鞘相对电导率和脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量，处理5 d时各指标达最大值，与CK相比，龙稻15和龙粳11分别提高了38.01%和20.77%、25.06%和84.85%、25.82%和23.63%。同时低温处理也提高了叶鞘超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性，处理3 d时酶活性达最大值，龙稻15和龙粳11分别较CK提高了10.57%和14.90%、86.26%和68.71%、17.73%和28.25%。综上所述，开花期低温引起水稻叶鞘膜脂过氧化程度升高，但也诱导水稻叶鞘抗氧化系统开启、保护酶活性上升以抵御低温伤害；开花期低温导致水稻花粉活力降低并引起结实率降低，耐冷品种较冷敏品种抵御能力强。     

我国蔬菜作物耐低温性研究进展

低温胁迫是蔬菜生产过程中的主要逆境因子，对蔬菜作物的生长发育、商品产量形成影响极大。本文综述了蔬菜作物耐低温性的遗传模型、生理调节和分子机制，展望了蔬菜作物耐低温性的研究前景。     

不同油葵种植方式对银北灌区盐碱地土壤温度、含水率和电导率的影响

为了探究油葵不同种植方式对盐碱地土壤水、热、盐分布状况的影响,以平播（T1）为对照,开展了半膜平播（T2）、半膜平播+膜间覆秸秆（T3）、起垄沟播（T4）、起垄沟播+沟覆秸秆（T5）、垄膜沟播（T6）、垄膜沟播+沟覆秸秆（T7）等6种种植方式对油葵田土壤温度、水分和电导率的影响研究。结果表明：与对照相比,不同种植方式均提高了早上7:00时5cm深度的土温,但油葵花期土壤增温效果明显弱于苗期,垄膜沟播种植方式更有利于减缓地 表5cm深度土温的剧烈变化。与对照相比,在油葵苗期,T7和T6的0~20cm土层土壤含水率分别提高了6.30%和5.01%,20~40cm土层分别提高了6.00%和3.38%,在油葵开花期,土壤含水率较对照提高幅度有所降低。与播种前0~20cm土层土壤电导率相比,T6在苗期和开花期均有所下降,其中开花期下降了33.81%,T7在苗期略有增加,在开花期则略有下降,其他处理在苗期增加幅度较大。因此,在银北灌区油葵生产中,垄膜沟播是一种适宜的油葵种植方式。     

Ridge-furrow plastic mulching with a suitable planting density enhances rainwater productivity,grain yield and economic benefit of rainfed maize

Soil surface mulching and planting density regulation are widely used for effective utilization of limited rainwater resources and improvement of crop productivity in dryland farming.However,the combined effects of mulching type and planting density on maize growth and yield have been seldom studied,especially in different hydrological years.A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of mulching type and planting density on the soil temperature,growth,grain yield(GY),water use efficiency(WUE)and economic benefit of rainfed maize in the drylands of northern China during 2015-2017.Precipitation fluctuated over the three years.There were four mulching types(NM,flat cultivation with non-mulching;SM,flat cultivation with straw mulching;RP,plastic-mulched ridge plus bare furrow;RPFS,plastic-mulched ridge plus straw-mulched furrow)and three planting densities(LD,low planting density,45.0×10^3 plants/hm^2;MD,medium planting density,67.5×10^3 plants/hm^2;HD,high planting density,90.0×10^3 plants/hm^2).Results showed that soil temperature was higher with RP and lower with SM compared with NM,but no significant difference was found between RPFS and NM.More soil water was retained by soil mulching at the early growth stage,but it significantly varied at the middle and late growth stages.Maize growth was significantly improved by soil mulching.With increasing planting density,stem diameter,net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content tended to decline,whereas a single-peak trend in biomass yield was observed.Mulching type and planting density did not have significant effect on evapotranspiration(ET),but GY and WUE were significantly affected.There were significant interacting effects of mulching type and planting density on biomass yield,GY,ET and WUE.Compared with NM,RPFS,RP and SM increased GY by 57.5%,50.8%and 18.9%,and increased WUE by 66.6%,54.3%and 18.1%,respectively.At MD,GY increased by 41.4%and 25.2%,and WUE increased by 38.6%and 22.4%compared with those of at LD and HD.The highest maize GY(7023.2 kg/hm^2)was observed under MD+RPFS,but the value(6699.1 kg/hm^2)was insignificant under MD+RP.Similar trends were observed for WUE under MD+RP and MD+RPFS,but no significant difference was observed between these two combinations.In terms of economic benefit,net income under MD+RP was the highest with a 9.8%increase compared with that of under MD+RPFS.Therefore,we concluded that RP cultivation pattern with a suitable planting density(67.5×10^3 plants/hm^2)is promising for rainwater resources utilization and maize production in the drylands of northern China.     

京津冀地区植被NDVI动态变化及其与气候因子的关系

[目的] 探究气候变化对植被覆盖变化的驱动机制，可为揭示区域乃至全球植被覆盖动态变化及其与气候变化之间的响应机制提供依据。[方法] 以MODIS NDVI，SRTM DEM，降水和气温为数据源，运用Theil-Sen Median趋势分析法、Mann-Kendall显著性检验法、R/S分析法和Pearson相关分析法等数学分析方法，结合ANUSPLIN气象插值模型，研究2001—2019年京津冀地区植被NDVI时空演变特征及预测未来变化趋势，并探究植被NDVI与降水和气温最大相关关系及时滞效应。[结果] ①2001—2019年京津冀地区植被NDVI整体呈波动上升趋势，上升速率为0.002 2/a，且未来植被NDVI呈改善趋势的面积略小于呈退化趋势的面积；②降水和气温对京津冀地区植被生长以正向促进作用为主，且降水对植被生长的作用强度高于气温；③植被NDVI对降水变化的滞后期略长于气温，京津冀地区植被生长受前3月的降水和前1月的气温影响最大。[结论] 在林业生态工程实施背景下，2001—2019年京津冀地区植被覆盖整体呈改善态势，尤以西北部为著；植被NDVI与降水和气温相关关系呈现出明显的地域差异，且植被生长相对降水和气温变化存在一定的滞后效应。     

金花茶对低温胁迫的生理响应及耐寒性分析

为探究金花茶幼苗对低温胁迫的生理响应及其耐寒性,本研究以2 a生金花茶幼苗为材料,进行6~-9℃低温胁迫处理,测定了细胞伤害率(CIR)、丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、束缚水(BW)/自由水(FW)、脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性糖(SS)等指标,并进行了低温半致死温度(LT₅₀)和抗寒生理指标相关性分析。结果表明,3~12 h的低温LT₅₀为-6.62~-3.94℃,且随着时间的延长而升高。随着温度的降低, CIR、SS含量及POD、CAT活性总体呈上升趋势, BW/FW、MDA、Pro含量呈先上升后下降趋势, SOD活性总体呈下降趋势;随着胁迫时间的延长,CIR含量呈上升趋势,3~-9℃的SOD活性、0~-9℃的POD活性、-6~-9℃的BW/FW比值呈下降趋势,6~-6℃的SS含量变化较小,-9℃的SS含量呈下降趋势。相关性分析表明,CIR可作为耐寒性鉴定的主要指标,BW、SS、SOD、POD、CAT可作为辅助指标。本研究结果为金花茶引种区域和耐寒性鉴定指标的确定提供了理论依据。     

灌浆期高温胁迫对不同品种小麦蛋白组分及面团揉混特性的影响

为研究灌浆期高温胁迫对不同品种小麦蛋白组分及面团揉混特性的影响,以济麦22(JM22)和新麦26(XM26)为材料,通过灌浆初期(S1)和灌浆中期(S2)在田间搭棚进行高温胁迫处理,以未进行高温胁迫的大田小麦作对照(CK),收获后对小麦淀粉黏滞谱、蛋白质组分含量和揉混参数等进行分析。结果表明,与各自CK相比,JM22的黏滞谱参数除回复值和糊化温度降低外,其余参数均升高,XM26的黏滞谱参数除峰值时间外均降低。S1和S2使JM22的峰值黏度、低谷黏度、崩解值、最终黏度、峰值时间分别较CK提高2.81%和18.63%、7.71%和19.51%、11.88%和21.15%、1.88%和12.22%、2.45%和4.08%,且S2均大于CK和S1,S1与CK差异不显著;S1和S2使XM26的峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度、回复值分别较CK降低12.95%和31.21%、1.81%和27.18%、2.50%和22.22%、3.57%和14.39%,其中,S2、S1与CK三者之间的峰值黏度均达显著水平。与CK相比,高温胁迫后JM22的蛋白质含量降低,而XM26升高。两品种各组分蛋白含量均发生改变,S1和S2使JM22谷蛋白含量减少4.52%和6.01%,S1和S2使XM26谷蛋白增加13.66%和17.27%,不可溶蛋白增加28.95%和34.80%,谷醇比也增加。高温处理对两品种面团揉混参数值也有一定影响,S1使JM22和XM26的峰值时间、峰值高度、8 min带宽分别较各自CK显著增加8.50%和42.80%、12.20%和2.80%、26.57%和68.30%,而S2的两品种只有峰值时间同时显著增加,分别增加9.60%和28.50%。本研究结果为优质专用小麦品质提升栽培技术提供了理论基础。